Cultural Influences on Myths: Legend of the Menehune People

Cultural Influences on Myths: Legend of the Menehune People Introduction Myths, being narratives about early history (Barker, 2014, p.4) explains social occurrences which involves supernatural events. When it comes to myths, people can be very opinionated when deciding if the myth is true or not. Some people believe it because it is a tale they have been told while growing up or simply because it sounds fantastical, other people choose not to believe it until there is proof of whatever it is they have been told. It has become the responsibility of social scientists, namely Archaeologists and Anthropologists to uncover the truth about these myths. One of the most infamous myths in Hawaii involves the Menehune people and the structures that are believed to have been built by theme. The legend of the Menehune people takes different versions in Martha Warren Beckwiths’ book, Hawaiian Mythology (1940, pp.227-37). According to Brien Foerster (2000, pp.15-20) the term Menehune is just a tale which was altered and confused with the factual accounts of the Manahune, the first settlers of the island who were lower in social status compared to the Tahitians. The Menehune people however are believed to have been small figured beings with a height of 15 to 90 centimetres that lived on Kauai before the Polynesian settlers and lived in caves and valleys (Mugner, 2013). Just as any other myth, the legend of the Menehune differs when it comes to the physical description of the Menehune, according to Eberhart (2002, p.326) they were well dressed, well-built and hairy beings, compared to Mailly (1998) the Menehune had straight long hair that covered their undressed bodies. This is just minor differences between sources on the Menehune people. What many of the sources do agree on is that these beings enjoyed bananas, fish and starch. Even though they were playful beings who liked playing games, diving, dancing, making music and singing, they were good at heart as they were known for shooting magical arrows at people who were infuriated, stirring up emotions of love instead. What makes the legend of the Menehune famous is that they were believed to have been exceptional craftsmen, extremely strong, fast and nocturnal (Eberhart, 2002, p.236). The Menehune have allegedly constructed houses, fishponds, ditches, roads and temples all in one night and if by chance these structures were not complete by sunrise, they would desert the structure. The most famous structures said to have been built by the Menehune is the Alekoko Fishpond, Kikiaolo Ditches, Necker Island Structures, Pa o ka Menehune breakwater and the Ulupo heiau (Foerster, 2000, pp.15-20) (Paul, 2007). Even though the pond is no longer in use today for fishing, instead it is a wetland for threa tened birds. Archaeologists estimate the pond to be over a thousand years old (Foster, 2008, p.193).the Kikiaolo ditches were built using the same stone used in the Alekoko pond, the ditches lead water to other ponds for irrigation (Foster, 2008, p.203). Necker Island has to be the most spoken about archaeological site in Hawaii, compared to the other two islands which surround Necker that could have supported a permanent population, the conditions on Necker Island suggest that a permanent population could not be sustained but there is proof of activity on the island (Kirch, 1997, pp.94-98). There has always been conflict between science and culture, science being a field whereby something can be proved or disproved, culture on the other hand is something that has been embedded in us, and culture is a way of life. Just like any other myth, the Menehune myth is believed by some and not by others. There is not much scientific evidence to prove that the Menehune did exist besides the archaeological sites that are said to have been built by the Menehune, but archaeologists are not one hundred percent certain about this. Individuals that are in favour of this myth usually have biases for this notion, culturally it might be that this was a tale that they have grown up with being told which have led them to believe that that the Menehune did in actual fact exist. Others might believe it for the sake of believing it; this can also be considered as a social factor which contributes to the bias. For those that do not believe the myth, they base their opinion on lack of evidence mo st of the time. It’s no lie that how we perceive the world is namely based on our social and cultural biases (Boundless, 2014) to make something more favourable in the world we live in but this can be seen as a problem in some scientific fields such as archaeology and anthropology, because the world today is not the same as it was a hundred years ago, even fifty years ago, there is a major difference in how history is viewed. Scientific theories are in place to prove or disprove a notion and if a researcher is bias towards a specific notion, it is reflected in their work which in turn doesn’t provide the desired outcome. In context of the Menehune myth, researchers ultimate goal is to find out if they did or still do exist, they would do this by listening to the local population and their narratives about the Menehune, This can be seen as bias because locals tell researchers what they have heard and what they have been told as part of folklore, this affects how researc hers conduct their investigation. It would be incorrect to say that scientific theories are based on what people believe in, but looking at it logically, what people believe in form the basis of scientific theories, which then form a broader picture to conduct scientific research to prove or disprove the theory, so in essence, science is not a worthless way of looking at the world, but one must consider how people view the worth culturally. The world is viewed in many ways, science is just an added way of looking at the world, and the only difference is that science has authenticated justification. This is accomplished through repetitive testing, observation and investigations. Science answers unsolved mysteries, prevents the present generation from making past mistakes to create a better future and most importantly provides a better understanding of humanity. Science might not solve all our problems but it most definitely is a start. The one quality that any person needs to have when evaluating a scientific theory, is that they need to be open minded because science has endless possibilities. Conclusion Judging from the above mentioned, it is easy to see that science plays a valuable role in society today, it does not only uncover the truth but new discoveries are made using science. One must not forget however that social and cultural biases also play an important role in society and when it comes to issues regarding myths of any kind, there will always be two sides to the story, the truth that hasn’t been uncovered yet and the tales that have been told over the many centuries and the Menehune myth is far from the truth, Works Cited Barker, G., 2014. What is a myth? Britannica Educational Publishing. Beckwith, M.W., 1940. Hawaiian Mythology. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Boundless, 2014. cultural influences on perception. [Online] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/advanced-topics-in-perception-40/cultural-influences-on-perception-174-12709/ [Accessed 14 march 2015]. Eberhart, G.M., 2002. Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. ABC-CLIO. Foerster, B., 2000. The Real History Of Hawaii: From Origins To The End Of The Monarchy. Lulu.com. Foster, J., 2008. Frommers Kauai. 3rd ed. John Wiley Sons. Kirch, P.V., 1997. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Mailly, H.D., 1998. Menehune. [Online] Available at: http://www.pantheon.org/articles/m/menehune.html [Accessed 13 March 2015]. Mugner, S., 2013. Sean Mugner. [Online] Available at: http://seanmunger.com/2013/12/01/the-menehune-of-ancient-hawaii-did-they-reaally-exist/ [Accessed 14 march 2015]. Paul, P., 2007. Were there menehune in Hawaii? [Online] Available at: http://ahistoryofmigration.blogspot.com/2007/07/were-there-menehune-in-hawaii.html [Accessed 14 march 2015].

George Orwells Animal Farm :: George Orwell Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell's Animal Farm Introduction:Animal Farm is a short story written by George Orwell in 1945. He had a lot of difficulty getting it published due to its underlying criticism of the political situation in Russia at the time. The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The owner of the farm, Mr.Jones, comes into conflict with the animals. The animals rebel, and finally scare him away. Two of the strongest animals, Napoleon and Snowball (two pigs), think that they can run the farm. Napoleon: Both Napoleon and Snowball felt that they should both be leaders in the early stages of the Revolution. Snowball had many ideas about how the Farm should be run but he came into conflict with Napoleon over many of them. Napoleon, was a shrewd pig who could see that he could not carry on working with Snowball. This was shown when the two of them could not agree on the building of a windmill.When it looked as though Snowball might win the arguement, Napoleon "uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before" and the vicious dogs ran in and attacked Snowball and ran him off the farm. Eventually Napoloeon won and the windmill was built, and soon after Napoleon ran Snowball off the farm. In order to make sure that he would stay leader in the future, Napoleon told the animals that Snowball was against them and was friendly with the old farm owner, Mr.Jones. The similarity between Napoleon and Joseph Stalin (the Russian leader), is very clear. Without being elected both became leaders, surrounding themselves with powerful guards (the dogs in the case of Napoloeon), living in luxury while the workers were forced to work hard. At first Napoleon seemed to be a good leader, but very quickly became greedy and power-mad, causing conflict among the animals. As in Russia, the idea of Socialism soon changed to a virtual dictatorship, with Napoleon ordering animals to build and work while he sat around. When some of the other animals decided that he should no longer be a leader, Napoleon set the dogs on them and had them slaughtered. He had become power mad, going totally against the ideas of socialism, and ruling through fear, as did Stalin. As time went on, he became like Mr.Jones, caring for himself without thinking about the others, which was partly the reason for the original Revolution. Food rations were under his control, making sure that he got plently but the animals got just enough to keep them working. Soon after the Revolution the animals got together to make seven commandments that they should all stick to, but Napoleon slowly

The Caliper and Micrometer

The Vernier Caliper and Micrometer Experiment # 1Abstract:The activity involved the use of both vernier and micrometer calipers accurately on measuring provided materials. The objectives of the act were to familiarize the students with the use of the said scales and to demonstrate their differences. The dimensions of a metallic cube made of steel and a metallic washer were measured using a vernier caliper while that of a marble made of glass and the same metal cube were measured using the micrometer caliper. The density and percentage error of each material were then computed using the values obtained. Guide Questions:1.) Differentiate the vernier and micrometer scales?The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring instrument; its accuracy is 0.05mm. It can show measurements up to two decimal places in millimeters. It has main scale, which shows whole numbers and the vernier scale which gives decimal values. The vernier is capable of measuring the outer and inner dimensions in cluding the depth. A micrometer caliper uses a calibrated screw for measurement, rather than a slide which the vernier caliper uses. . It can show measurements up to three decimal places in millimeters. It also has a main scale like the vernier caliper with the same purpose with the micrometer scale showing decimal values. Its accuracy is equal to 0.01 mm making it more accurate than the vernier caliper. The micrometer can only measure the outer dimensions of an object.2.) Draw the figure for micrometer readings below:i. 3.685 mmii. 1.5963.) State some of the errors the one might make in measuring length using both vernier and micrometer calipers.The errors that one may make in measuring length using both the vernier and micrometer calipers are the incorrect reading of measurements. There can also be human misinterpretation, meaning that the person may have set the instrument too tight which may deform the object or too lose which leaves extra space for error. The device can also be broken promoting errors.4.) Determine the percentage error for an observed value of 1.112Ãâ€"10-5 if the standard value is 1.117Ãâ€"10-5?%error = actual value-observed value x100 actual value%error= 1.117Ãâ€"10-5-1.112Ãâ€"10-5 x100 1.117Ãâ€"10-5 %error= 5.000Ãâ€"10-8 x100 1.117Ãâ€"10-5 %error= 4.476Ãâ€"10-3 x 100 %error= .4476%

Grandmas Light Bread †Theology Essay

Grandmas Light Bread – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Grandma’s Light Bread Theology Essay Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Grandma’s Light Bread Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Grandma’s Light Bread Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Research Papers on Grandma’s Light Bread - Theology EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMind TravelArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic Engineering

Justifying the Ways of Miltons Ideal Description Essays - Literature

Justifying the Ways of Miltons Ideal Description Essays - Literature Justifying the Ways of Miltons Ideal Description Dr. Ahmad-zadeh Term Project on Milton 1.21.2015 Justifying the Ways of Miltons Ideal Description Milton in his Paradise Lost has taken the challenge to represent both the prelapsarian and postlapsarian world. It is a seriously demanding challenge since he has to describe the prelapsarian environment as a so idealistic and perfect place that the fall becomes pitiful and disgraceful; and if he fails, the reader may not grasp the importance of the fall; the loss shall be the loss of an ideal to make its effect. So the idealistic description of Eden, mans idyllic place before the fall, is the burden on Miltons shoulder. This paper illustrates how Milton draws on the classical literature and conventions, like lucus amoenus and Tempe to portray his Eden and how and why he sometimes rejects the materials he is using at the same time. Of course whether Milton was successful or not in his portrayal of the Garden of Eden has been highly controversial. David Hopkinson in his Reading Paradise Lost gives us some examples of Miltons different critics commenting on his success or failure; Jonathan Richardsons (father and son) highly admired the representation believing Nature (is represented) as just come out of the hand of God (qtd. In 43); Joseph Addison believed the reader during the whole course of action, always finds himself in the walks of paradise. (qtd. In 44) While Colerdige and even Samuel Johnson are cited as those who have written favorably about Miltons portrayal, E.M.W. Tillyard and John Carey are mentioned as disappointed critics, Alidoust | 2 finding Eden to be a bore. (44-45) Carey believes Milton has not been able to make life in Paradise seem happy or beautiful (qtd. In 44). The controversy on his success goes on. Without any claim of objectivity, I state my own interpretation that he chooses the best style to represent what is impossible to represent, the pure Edenic beauty. First I discuss the topoi lucus amoenus, then the Tempe and finally I will come to his rejection of the classical materials during the discussion of his application of mythological landscapes. Locus Amoenus Lovely, ideal landscapes have been portrayed in literary works since the classical authors. Their portrayals later turned into a rhetorical style named locus amoenus. The seminal work discussing this topoi is E.R. Curtiuss European Literature and The Latin Middle ages; Knowing Homers landscapes the beginner of this tradition, he draws on a passage by Virgil to illustrate locus amoenus. On his journey through the other world, Aeneas comes to Elysium (Aen., VI, 638 ff.): Devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas. Largior his campos aether et lumine vestit Purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. (To joyous sites they came and lovely lawns, Blest seats, in woods which no misfortune scathes; Alidoust | 3 Fields clothed in ampler air, bathed in new light, Purpletheir own sun sheds it, their own stars.) (190) Curtius then elaborates on the etymology of locus amoenus: In the first line the word amoenus (pleasant, lovely) is used. It is Virgils constant epithet for beautiful nature (e.g., Aeneid, V, 734 and VII, 30). The commentator Servius connected the word with amor (the same relationship, that is, as between love and lovely). Lovely places are such as only give pleasure, that is, are not cultivated for useful purposes (loca solius voluptatis plena unde nullus fructus exsolvitur.) (190-191). The essential features of lucus amoenus are according to Curtuius: a beautiful, shaded natural site; Its minimum ingredients comprise a tree (or several trees), a meadow, and a spring or brook. Birdsong and flowers may be added. The most elaborate examples also add a breeze. (195) These features are available throughout Miltons portrayal of Eden in his Paradise Lost. The following passage from book IV can be accounted, in Curtiuss words, an elaborate example of lucus amoenus, since it takes advantage of Zephyr, a soft gentle breeze which according to its etymology comes from Zephuros, god of the west wind (OED): . . Under a tuft of shade that on a green Stood whispering soft, by a fresh Fountain side They sat them down, and after no more toil Of thir sweet Gardning labour then sufficd To recommend coole Zephyr, and made ease More easie (IV 325-330) Alidoust | 4 Therefore we see how Milton invokes the tradition of portraying ideal landscapes to portray the first of all the worlds landscapes (Hinds 124). The next classical element widely used in Paradise Lost is Tempe. Tempe: Wild Forrest Curtius mentions a second element regarding the stylistic heritage of the classics: Tempe

Middle childhood development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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